各类essay话题的通用表达或者常用表达
在本专栏当中，我会从近期的经济学人文章中精选一些地道的表达和句型进行讲解。所选取的表达一般都是一些可以用于各类话题的通用表达或者常用表达。
1 dim
There is also a risk that, in the short term, cheap oil dims countries’ ardour for solar power. Saudi Arabia, for example, might prefer to burn more oil for energy.
译文：也存在这样一个风险：从短期来看，廉价的石油使得各国对于太阳能的热情衰减。比如，沙特阿拉伯可能更偏向于燃烧石油来获取能源。
讲解：dim是个四级词汇，基本意思为暗淡的；变暗(vi)。由此衍生出的意思与人相关：(使)逐渐变弱(If your future, hopes, or emotions dim or if something dims them, they become less good or less strong)。比如Their job prospects have dimmed as a result of the pandemic.受疫情影响，他们的工作前景变得惨淡。
dim在这句话中是使动词(及物动词)，如果变成不及物动词的话，那么这句话则可以改为cheap oil causes countries’ ardour to dim for solar power.
作不及物动词时，还可以替换成wane(衰减)。比如His enthusiasm for learning English is waning.学英语的热情逐渐下降。
2 compare favourably with
But such projects are largely driven by the private sector, and they continue to compare favourably with fossil fuels.
译文：但是这类项目很大程度上是由私有部门带动的，并且它们与化石燃料相比会继续占有优势。
讲解：单独的compare with表示与...一样好。换句话说，就是可以与...媲美。此时比较的对象A和B的程度是一样的。比如The quality of English wines can now compare with(=rival) those from France.英国酒的质量现在可以与法国酒媲美了。【同义词】rival。
在compare后面加上一个副词favourably/well：compare favourably/well with，则A的程度大于B，即与...相比更好。其中favourably来源于形容词favourable(有利的)，是个非常常用的写作词汇，如：a favourable learning environment有利的学习环境。如果要表示A的程度小于B，则用favourably的反义词：compare unfavourably with。
需要注意的是，不要将compare favourably with写成了compare favourably to。to一般用于短语compare A to/with B当中，变成被动就是compared to/with。如Today’s quiz is easy compared to/with the last one.
3 stand in stark contrast to
In Germany registrations were down by 61% and in France sales fell by 89%. That stands in stark contrast to China, where, according to a Volkswagen official, the car market has rebounded.
译文：德国的汽车上牌登记数量下降了61%，法国的汽车销量下降了89%。这种状况与中国形成鲜明的对比。据一名大众汽车高管称，汽车市场已经在回升了。
讲解：stand in stark contrast to表示与...构成鲜明的对比。结合上下两句就能推测出来：第二句中的rebound(回升)与第一句中的down/fall意思相反。
在这个短语当中，stand是个状态系动词，如Scores of derelict houses stand empty.几十个废弃的房屋处于空的状态。类似的还有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie。因此这个短语也可以改为be in stark contrast to。
stark表示鲜明的；非常明显的。与difference/contrast等词是常用搭配。
语法点睛：第二句中的代词that是个单数，指代的是第一句中的下降趋势(a downward trend)，或者说一种情况(picture)，而非两个具体的数值。
4 be subjected to
Yet contact-tracing apps are an untested medical invention that will be introduced without the sort of safeguards that new drugs are subjected to.
译文：然而，接触追踪应用是一种未经测试的医学发明，无需遵守新药物需要接受的那种审核就能被引进。
讲解：be subjected to来源于主动语态subject A to B。使A接受B/强迫A经历B(to cause or force sb/sth to experience something unpleasant, harmful ,etc.)。其中B通常是一些不好的事物。比如They subject their children to abuse.他们虐待儿童。B也可以是规定，审核之类的词。比如His essay is subjected to careful analysis.=His essay is carefully analysed.他的论文在被仔细分析。这句话中的safeguards表示的就是laws/rules。
同学们平时在阅读中还会见到另一个相似的表达：be subject to。be subject to和be subjected to两者都是对的，但意思上有一些细微的差别：
be subjected to中的subject是个使动词，更强调人为施加的动作。
be subject to中的subject是形容词，表示(可能)受到...约束/影响。更强调一种状态。
比如骑电瓶车不戴头盔可能会被罚50元：Anyone caught riding a scooter without wearing a helmet is subject to a ¥50 fine.
再比如The schedule is tentative and subject to change(=may be changed at a later time).这个日常是临时的，可能会发生变更。
如果将外刊这句话中的subjected to改为subject to：
Yet contact-tracing apps are an untested medical invention that will be introduced without the sort of safeguards that new drugs are subject to.
那就无法体现出使这些新药物接受审批这一动作了。
1 dim
There is also a risk that, in the short term, cheap oil dims countries’ ardour for solar power. Saudi Arabia, for example, might prefer to burn more oil for energy.
译文：也存在这样一个风险：从短期来看，廉价的石油使得各国对于太阳能的热情衰减。比如，沙特阿拉伯可能更偏向于燃烧石油来获取能源。
讲解：dim是个四级词汇，基本意思为暗淡的；变暗(vi)。由此衍生出的意思与人相关：(使)逐渐变弱(If your future, hopes, or emotions dim or if something dims them, they become less good or less strong)。比如Their job prospects have dimmed as a result of the pandemic.受疫情影响，他们的工作前景变得惨淡。
dim在这句话中是使动词(及物动词)，如果变成不及物动词的话，那么这句话则可以改为cheap oil causes countries’ ardour to dim for solar power.
作不及物动词时，还可以替换成wane(衰减)。比如His enthusiasm for learning English is waning.学英语的热情逐渐下降。
2 compare favourably with
But such projects are largely driven by the private sector, and they continue to compare favourably with fossil fuels.
译文：但是这类项目很大程度上是由私有部门带动的，并且它们与化石燃料相比会继续占有优势。
讲解：单独的compare with表示与...一样好。换句话说，就是可以与...媲美。此时比较的对象A和B的程度是一样的。比如The quality of English wines can now compare with(=rival) those from France.英国酒的质量现在可以与法国酒媲美了。【同义词】rival。
在compare后面加上一个副词favourably/well：compare favourably/well with，则A的程度大于B，即与...相比更好。其中favourably来源于形容词favourable(有利的)，是个非常常用的写作词汇，如：a favourable learning environment有利的学习环境。如果要表示A的程度小于B，则用favourably的反义词：compare unfavourably with。
需要注意的是，不要将compare favourably with写成了compare favourably to。to一般用于短语compare A to/with B当中，变成被动就是compared to/with。如Today’s quiz is easy compared to/with the last one.
3 stand in stark contrast to
In Germany registrations were down by 61% and in France sales fell by 89%. That stands in stark contrast to China, where, according to a Volkswagen official, the car market has rebounded.
译文：德国的汽车上牌登记数量下降了61%，法国的汽车销量下降了89%。这种状况与中国形成鲜明的对比。据一名大众汽车高管称，汽车市场已经在回升了。
讲解：stand in stark contrast to表示与...构成鲜明的对比。结合上下两句就能推测出来：第二句中的rebound(回升)与第一句中的down/fall意思相反。
在这个短语当中，stand是个状态系动词，如Scores of derelict houses stand empty.几十个废弃的房屋处于空的状态。类似的还有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie。因此这个短语也可以改为be in stark contrast to。
stark表示鲜明的；非常明显的。与difference/contrast等词是常用搭配。
语法点睛：第二句中的代词that是个单数，指代的是第一句中的下降趋势(a downward trend)，或者说一种情况(picture)，而非两个具体的数值。
4 be subjected to
Yet contact-tracing apps are an untested medical invention that will be introduced without the sort of safeguards that new drugs are subjected to.
译文：然而，接触追踪应用是一种未经测试的医学发明，无需遵守新药物需要接受的那种审核就能被引进。
讲解：be subjected to来源于主动语态subject A to B。使A接受B/强迫A经历B(to cause or force sb/sth to experience something unpleasant, harmful ,etc.)。其中B通常是一些不好的事物。比如They subject their children to abuse.他们虐待儿童。B也可以是规定，审核之类的词。比如His essay is subjected to careful analysis.=His essay is carefully analysed.他的论文在被仔细分析。这句话中的safeguards表示的就是laws/rules。
同学们平时在阅读中还会见到另一个相似的表达：be subject to。be subject to和be subjected to两者都是对的，但意思上有一些细微的差别：
be subjected to中的subject是个使动词，更强调人为施加的动作。
be subject to中的subject是形容词，表示(可能)受到...约束/影响。更强调一种状态。
比如骑电瓶车不戴头盔可能会被罚50元：Anyone caught riding a scooter without wearing a helmet is subject to a ¥50 fine.
再比如The schedule is tentative and subject to change(=may be changed at a later time).这个日常是临时的，可能会发生变更。
如果将外刊这句话中的subjected to改为subject to：
Yet contact-tracing apps are an untested medical invention that will be introduced without the sort of safeguards that new drugs are subject to.
那就无法体现出使这些新药物接受审批这一动作了。